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VİRANŞEHİR TARİHÇESİ   

Şanlıurfa'nın en ilginç söylentiye sahip olan ilçesi Viranşehir halk dilinde 7 kere viran olup tekrar kurularak bugün Viranşehir adıyla bilindiği söylenmektedir. Güneydoğu Anadolu Bölgesi’nde, Şanlıurfa İline bağlı bir ilçe olan Viranşehir, doğusunda Kızıltepe, güneyinde Ceylanpınar, batısında Şanlıurfa Merkez İlçe ile Siverek, güneybatısında Harran, kuzeyinde ise Siverek ilçesi ile çevrilidir.Şanlıurfa’nın doğu kesiminde yer alır. Şanlıurfa Platosunun doğu kesiminden başlayarak Suriye’ye doğru alçalan düzlük bir alanda bulunmaktadır. İlçenin kuzey kesimini Karacadağ’ın güney uzantılarını oluşturan Takırtukur Dağı engebelendirir. İlçe toprakları volkanik bir arazi yapısına sahip olup, kuzey kesimi bazaltlı lavlardan, güney kesimi de kalkerlerden oluşmuştur. İlçe topraklarını Habur Çayı’nın başlangıç kolları ile doğuda Büyükdere (Büyük Circip Suyu) ile Arslanbaba Deresi (İbrahimiye Circibi) ve Küçük Circip dereleri sulamaktadır. Şanlıurfa’ya 92 km. uzaklıktaki ilçenin deniz seviyesinden yüksekliği 620 m.dir. Yüzölçümü 1.843 km2, 2000 Yılı Genel Nüfus Sayım sonuçlarına göre; toplam nüfusu 187.705’tir. İlçede Karasal ve Akdeniz İkliminin karışımı olan bir iklim hakim olduğundan; yazları sıcak ve kurak, kışları ılık ve yağışlı geçmektedir. Bitki örtüsü ise steptir. İlçe ekonomisi tarım ve hayvancılığa dayalıdır. Yetiştirilen tarımsal ürünlerin başında, buğday, arpa, mercimek gelmektedir. Az miktarda da üzüm, susam, nohut, Antepfıstığı, pamuk ve erik yetiştirilmektedir. Hayvancılıkta küçükbaş hayvancılık yapılmakta olup, koyun yetiştirilir. İlçede sanayi kuruluşu olarak, un tereyağı ve peynir üreten tesisler bulunmaktadır. Viranşehir yöresinde yüzey araştırmaları dışında arkeolojik kazılar yapılmamıştır. Yaban, Kele, Tell-tarik, Atşana, Annabi, Arbit, Tell-arbit, Tell-hinne, Tell-saif, Tell- goran başta olmak üzere yörede bir çok höyük bulunmaktadır. Bunlardan bazılarında yapılan araştırmalarda ortaya çıkan buluntu ve kalıntılar burada, Neolitik Çağda yerleşik bir düzenin olduğunu göstermektedir. Neolitik Çağdan sonra Kalkolitik Çağda da (MÖ.5500-3500) yörede yerleşim devam etmiştir. Yöre 1600 yıllarında Mitanilleri yenen Hititlerin egemenliği altına girmiştir. MÖ.XI.yüzyılda Mezopotamya’dan kuzeye doğru göç eden Aramiler burayı ele geçirmiş ve MÖ.X.yüzyılda burası Bit-adini Krallığına bağlanmıştır. Asurlular MÖ.IX.yüzyılın ortalarına doğru bu krallığı ortadan kaldırarak Viranşehir’in de dahil olduğu Şanlıurfa topraklarını ele geçirmişlerdir. Anadolu’nun büyük bir kısmına hakim olan Persler Viranşehir’i de ele geçirmiştir. Büyük İskender’in Persleri ortadan kaldırmasından sonra yöre bir süre Makedonyalıların, İskender’in ölümünden sonra da Seleukosların egemenliğine girmiştir. Bu dönemleri Roma, sasani ve Bizans dönemleri izlemiştir. VII.yüzyılda yöreye Arap akınları başlamış ve Araplar bir süre buraya hakim olmuşlardır. Malazgirt Savaşı’ndan (1071) sonra Türkmen boyları buraya yerleşmeye başlamış, bunu Selçuklu hakimiyeti izlemiş, bir süre de Urfa Haçlı Kontluğu’nun yönetimine girmiştir. Musul Atabekleri yönetiminden sonra XIII.yüzyılda, yeniden Selçukluların egemenliği altına girmiştir. Moğolların Selçukluları yenmesinden sonra Şanlıurfa ile birlikte Viranşehir de Moğollar tarafından yağmalanmıştır. Moğolların Anadolu’dan çekilmesinden sonra Memluklular, Akkoyunlular ve Safeviler buraya hakim olmuş, 1517’de Yavuz Sultan Selim’in Mısır seferi sırasında da Osmanlı topraklarına katılmıştır. Roma döneminde Antoniopolis, Arap döneminde Tellmavzelat, Tellmuzin ve Tella; Urfa Kontluğu döneminde de Konstantina isimleri ile tanınmıştır. Tarihi İpek Yolu’nun üzerinde yer alan önemli bir konaklama ve ticaret merkezi idi bu nedenle de birçok kez yağmalanıp yıkılmıştır. XX.yüzyılın başlarında etnik gurupların ayaklanmalarından etkilenmiştir. Mardin’e bağlı bir kaza olan Viranşehir, Urfa’nın il olması ile 1924’te ilçe konumuna getirilmiştir. İlçede günümüze gelebilen eserler arasında; Annabi (Gözlek) Höyük, Yaban Höyüğü, Oğlakçı Höyüğü, Tılterik Höyük, Tılgören Höyük, Elgün Höyük, Başaran Höyük, Elbeğendi (Hacuk) Höyük), Tılcafer Höyük bulunmaktadır. Ayrıca; Çemdin Kalesi (Eski Kale) Tella Martyrionu Aziz Sergius (Şemun) Kilisesi Hz.Eyyüp Peygamber Türbesi Hz.El Yesa Peygamber Türbesi Hz.Rahime Hatun Türbesi Eyüp Nebi Köyü Mescidi Sivil Mimari Örneklerinden Osmanlı döneminde Hamidiye Alayları Komutanı İbrahim Paşa’nın yaptırdığı Paşa Konağı bulunmaktadır.
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